Details for anatomical structure: liver
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- General information
- Related structures
- Hormones
- Receptors
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- Top
- General information
- Related structures
- Hormones
- Receptors
-
Click to access the toolbox
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Synonyms
liver, , HeparGeneral information
The largest gland in the body of the vertebrates, exocrine, lying beneath the diaphragm in the right hypochondrium and upper part of the epigastrium; it is of irregular shape and weighs from 1 to 2 kg, it secretes the bile and is also of great importance in both carbohydrate and protein metabolismLinks to other resources
Cytomer | cy0048368 |
Related structures
Larger structures
Substructures
Secreted hormones
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Hormone: MSP
- Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFL) is a liver-derived serum glycoprotein. [1]
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Hormone: SAA1
- SAA1 (Serum amyloid A1) protein is produced mainly in the liver and circulates in low levels in the blood.
Influenced by:
- IL-6R in hepatocyte
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Hormone: FAM3A
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Hormone: Serotransferrin
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Hormone: FGF-23
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Hormone: calcidiol
- Prehormon wich is produced by hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in the liver.
- Calcidiol is then converted in the kidneys (by the enzyme 25(OH)D-1α-hydroxylase) into calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3), a secosteroid hormone that is the active form of vitamin D. It can also be converted into 24-hydroxycalcidiol in the kidneys via 24-hydroxylation.
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Hormone: VLDL
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Hormone: HDL
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Hormone: chemerin
- Abundant chemerin transcripts were found in liver, lung, pituitary, and ovary. [2]
- Chemerin is secreted as a precursor of low biological activity, which upon proteolytic cleavage of its COOH-terminal domain, is converted into a potent and highly specific agonist of ChemR23, the chemerin receptor. [2]
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Hormone: fetuin-B
- This fetuin-B transcript could be detected in the liver and also at a lower level in the placenta. [3]
Influenced by:
- bile acid receptor
in
hepatocyte
- FXR agonists induce fetuin-B expression in human primary hepatocytes. [4]
Receptors
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Receptor: THRB1
- THRB expression pattern is more restricted, and is developmentally regulated. Its main expression sites are the liver, pituitary, inner ear, retina and several brain areas. [5]
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Receptor: CHRNA1-2
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Receptor: PRLR
Induced phenotype:
- increase in bile secretion
- Prolactin has been shown to increase bile secretion. [6]
- stimulation of lipoprotein lipase activity
- Prolactin has marked effects on lipid metabolism. PRL stimulates lipoprotein lipase activity in the liver. [7]
- Factor XII activation
- In terms of more specific protective effects, PRL induces the production of coagulation factor XII by the liver. [8]
- increase in bile secretion
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Receptor: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3
Induced phenotype:
- hepatic stellate cell migration
- S1P3 regulates migration and fibrogenic activation of HSCs. [9]
- hepatic stellate cell migration
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Receptor: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 4
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Receptor: Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5
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Receptor: G-protein coupled receptor 4
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Receptor: G-protein coupled receptor 12
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Receptor: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1
Induced phenotype:
- hepatic stellate cell migration
- S1P1 regulates migration and fibrogenic activation of HSCs. [9]
- hepatic stellate cell migration
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Receptor: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2
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Receptor: Psychosine receptor
Induced phenotype:
- negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity
- Galactosylsphingosine, glucosylsphingosine and sphingosine all inhibited cytochrome c oxidase activity in mitochondria from rat liver. [10]
- negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity
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Receptor: AR
Induced phenotype:
- mediation of effects from thymus on liver
- The thymus plays an important role in maintaining the drug-metabolizing enzyme activity, anti-oxidative ability and biomembrane integrity in the liver of rats. These effects are mediated by sex hormones. Androgen mainly mediates the regulation of the thymus on liver drug-metabolizing enzymes in male rats. [11]
- mediation of effects from thymus on liver
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Receptor: ER-alpha
Induced phenotype:
- mediation of effects from thymus on liver
- The thymus plays an important role in maintaining the drug-metabolizing enzyme activity, anti-oxidative ability and biomembrane integrity in the liver of rats. These effects are mediated by sex hormones. Estrogen mainly mediates the effect of the thymus on liver anti-oxidative functions in female rats. [11]
Influences:
- mediation of effects from thymus on liver
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Receptor: ER-beta
Induced phenotype:
- mediation of effects from thymus on liver
- The thymus plays an important role in maintaining the drug-metabolizing enzyme activity, anti-oxidative ability and biomembrane integrity in the liver of rats. These effects are mediated by sex hormones. Estrogen mainly mediates the effect of the thymus on liver anti-oxidative functions in female rats. [11]
- mediation of effects from thymus on liver
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Receptor: 5-HT-2B
Induced phenotype:
- liver regeneration
- 5-HT receptor subtype 2B mediates serotonin-dependent liver regeneration. [13]
- liver regeneration
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Receptor: 5-HT-2A
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Receptor: 5-HT-2A
Induced phenotype:
- liver regeneration
- 5-HT receptor subtype 2A mediates serotonin-dependent liver regeneration. [13]
- liver regeneration
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Receptor: PPAR beta/delta
- A study with human tissues showed that PPARä was present in liver, intestine, kidney, abdominal adipose, and skeletal muscle, tissues that are all involved in aspects of lipid metabolism [14]