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Details for messenger / hormone: adiponectin

EndoNet ID: ENH00080

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Synonyms

  • adiponectin
  • ACDC
  • ApM1
  • Acrp30
  • GBP28
  • ACRP30
  • adipocyte, C1Q, and collagen domain containing
  • adipose most abundant gene transcript 1
  • gelatin-binding protein, 28-KD
  • apMI
  • adipoQ
  • adipocyte-specific secretory protein
  • APN

General information

  • Like other adipokines, it is secreted from the adipocyte as distinct complexes. Adiponectin can form trimers (the basic building block for the higher-order complexes), hexamers consisting of two trimers, and higher molecular weight forms consisting of up to 12-18 subunits. [1]
  • Acrp30/adiponectin is reduced in the serum of obese and diabetic individuals, and the genetic locus of adiponectin is linked to the metabolic syndrome. [2]
  • ACRP30 decreases plasma glucose levels, enhances insulin action, increases fatty acid oxidation and decreases plasma fatty acid levels. [3]
  • Cigarette smoking, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, negatively modulates adiponectin expression, as does oxidative stress. [4]
  • Sex steroids have also benn implicated in the regulation of adiponectin expression/secretion, as hypoadiponectinemia has been linked to a predisposition to hypertension in men and also to the development of menopausal metabolic syndrome in women. [4]
  • The insulin-sensitizing effect of adiponectin seems to be mediated by an increase in fatty-acid oxidation through activation of AMP kinase and PPAR-alpha. [5]
  • In muscle, high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin activates the nuclear factor-kB pathway, whereas trimeric forms activate AMPK. [6]
  • ACRP30 is exclusively produced and secreted by adipose tissue and is initially synthesized as a prehormone with a classical signal sequence that is cotranslationally removed as the protein translocates into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. [3]
  • The 3D structure determined by X-ray analysis revealed that ACRP30 shares significant homology to TNF alpha. [3]
  • Human adipose tissue expresses CRP mRNA, which is negatively correlated with adiponectin expression in the same tissue. [7]
  • Adiponectin, which is synthesised only in adipose tissue, appears to have an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting phagocytic activity and TNFα production in macrophages. [8]
  • Complex protein secreted specifically from adipocytes. [9]
  • Adiponectin exerts proinflammatory effects by increasing the release of proinflammatory cytokines and PGs from human placenta and adipose tissue. [10]
  • Proinflammatory actions of adiponectin are mediated through a number of signaling pathways, including p38 MAPK and NF-κB. [10]

Classification

Hormone function

  • metabolism
    • nutrient supply

    Chemical classification

    • hormone
      • genome-encoded
        • collagen-like domain

      Composition

      Adiponectin (2 times)

      Sequence 
      ETTTQGPGV LLPLPKGAC TGWMAGIPG 
HPGHNGAPG RDGRDGTPG EKGEKGDPG 
LIGPKGDIG ETGVPGAEG PRGFPGIQG 
RKGEPGEGA YVYRSAFSV GLETYVTIP 
NMPIRFTKI FYNQQNHYD GSTGKFHCN 
IPGLYYFAY HITVYMKDV KVSLFKKDK 
AMLFTYDQY QENNVDQAS GSVLLHLEV 
GDQVWLQVY GEGERNGLY ADNDNDSTF 
TGFLLYHDT N

      Links to other resources

      UniProt Q15848
      Ensembl ENST00000444204
      KEGG hsa:9370

      • Anatomical structure: fat_cell

        • Synthesized exclusively by adipocytes and secreted into plasma. [11]
        • Adiponectin, which is synthesised only in adipose tissue, appears to have an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting phagocytic activity and TNFα production in macrophages. [8]

        Influenced by:

        • PPARgamma1
          in adipose_tissue
          • Adiponectin secretion is stimulated by exposure of adipocytes to PPAR-gamma agonists. [12]

      • Anatomical structure: adipose_tissue

        • Adiponectin is a hormone secreted from adipose tissue, and serum levels are decreased with obesity and insulin resistance. [13]

        Influenced by:

        • ER-alpha
          in breast
          • Bisphenol A and estrogen suppress adiponectin release from human breast, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue explants and mature adipocytes. [14]
          • Bisphenol A binds both estrogen receptors alpha and beta. [15]
        • ER-beta
          in breast
          • Bisphenol A and estrogen suppress adiponectin release from human breast, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissue explants and mature adipocytes. [14]
          • Bisphenol A binds both estrogen receptors alpha and beta. [15]

      Targets

      Reference