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Details for receptor: ACTH receptor

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EndoNet ID: ENR00761

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Synonyms

  • ACTH receptor
  • MC2
  • melanocortin receptor 2
  • melanocortin-2 receptor
  • adrenocorticotropin receptor
  • ACTH-R
  • MC2-R

General information

  • All the subtypes except MC4R could be detected in testis. [1]

Links to other resources

UniProt Q01718
Ensembl ENST00000399821

Subunit information

Sequence 
MKHIINSYE NINNTARNN SDCPRVVLP 
EEIFFTISI VGVLENLIV LLAVFKNKN 
LQAPMYFFI CSLAISDML GSLYKILEN 
ILIILRNMG YLKPRGSFE TTADDIIDS 
LFVLSLLGS IFSLSVIAA DRYITIFHA 
LRYHSIVTM RRTVVVLTV IWTFCTGTG 
ITMVIFSHH VPTVITFTS LFPLMLVFI 
LCLYVHMFL LARSHTRKI STLPRANMK 
GAITLTILL GVFIFCWAP FVLHVLLMT 
FCPSNPYCA CYMSLFQVN GMLIMCNAV 
IDPFIYAFR SPELRDAFK KMIFCSRYW

Binding hormones

  • ACTH
    (trough: adrenal_cortex
    )
    • MC2R is the classical adrenocortical ACTH receptor. [2]
    • [3]
  • MSH
    • MC2R has no affinity for alpha-, beta- or gamma-MSH. [2]

Anatomical structures with this receptor

  • melanocyte

    Induced phenotypes

    • pigmentation
      • The ACTH receptors regulates, together with the MSH receptor, the pigmentation by controlling the relative amounts of eumelanin and phaeomelanin. [4]

  • cell_of_adrenal_gland_zona_fasciculata

    Influences

    • cortisone
    • positive cortisol
    • positive corticosterone

  • cell_of_adrenal_gland_zona_reticularis

    Influences

    • dehydro-3-epiandrosterone
    • testosterone
    • androstenedione

  • cell_of_adrenal_gland_zona_glomerulosa

    Influences

    • positive aldosterone
      • The dopamine agonist cabergoline induced a significant stimulation at low dose and a significant inhibition at high dose of baseline and ACTH-stimulated aldosterone secretion. [5]
      • Acutely, ACTH stimulates aldosterone production via cAMP-mediated pathways and protein-synthesisindependent mechanisms involving macrophage-derived factor, steroidogenesis-inducing protein and calmidazolium. [6]
      • In contrast, chronic excess of ACTH suppresses plasma aldosterone levels in both humans and animal models. The mechanism of chronic inhibition is unclear but cAMP may downregulate the expression of Ang II receptors in adrenocortical cells. Alternatively, ACTH may transform proliferating ZG cells into zona fasciculata cells or divert precursors from the mineralocorticoid to the glucocorticoid pathway. [6]

  • testis

    Influences

    • positive testosterone
      • The testicular melanocortin type 2 receptors appear to be functionally active since ACTH will stimulate testosterone production by the fetal and neonatal mouse testis which both contain fetal-type Leydig cells although the effects are lost in the postpubertal animal. [7]

    Induced phenotypes

    • androgen biosynthetic process
      • The effects of ACTH on fetal/neonatal androgen production could be directly mediated through melanocortin receptors on the fetal-type Leydig cells or indirectly mediated through another cell type. [8]
    • Melanocortin type 2 receptor is also expressed in the mouse fetal testis. [7]

  • hair_follicle

    Induced phenotypes

    • cellular response to cortisol stimulus
      • The strongest stimulus for adrenal cortisol production, ACTH, up-regulates cortisol immunoreactivity in the hair follicles. [9]

  • adipose_tissue

    Influences

    • positive interleukin 6
      • Melanocortins induce interleukin 6 gene expression and secretion through melanocortin receptor 2 and 5 in adipocytes. [10]
      • Function of melanocortins in regulating Il6 gene expression and production in adipocytes through membrane receptors which are called melanocortin receptors. Of the five melanocortin receptors, MC2R and MC5R are expressed during adipocyte differentiation. AlphaMSH in addition to ACTH function as a regulator of inflammation by regulating cytokine production. [10]

  • thymic_epithelial_cell

    Influences

    • positive Thymulin
      • Although there are no studies documenting a direct effect of gonadotropins or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on thymulin secretion gonadectomy or adrenalectomy in mice is known to induce a transient decrease in serum thymulin levels. This effect is potentiated by the simultaneous removal of the adrenals and gonads. [11]
      • In TEC cultures it was shown that exposure to physiological levels of glucocorticoids or gonadal steroids enhanced thymulin concentration in the cell supernatants. [12]

  • adrenal_cortex

    Induced phenotypes

    • Cushing syndrome
    • Familial glucocorticoid deficiency type I
      • Mutations in the ACTH receptor (melanocortin 2 receptor) cause FGD types 1. [13]
    • Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism
      • GRA appears to be the most common monogenic form of human hypertension. As a result of chimeric gene duplication, aldosterone is ectopically synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland under the control of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). [14]
    • Adrenocortical carcinoma
    • Addison disease
      • Congenital adrenal hypoplasia (AHC), mutations of steroidogenic factor-1, and ACTH unresponsiveness can all lead to adrenal dysgenesis/hypoplasia, albeit the latter usually results in isolated deficiency of glucocorticoids. [15]
Reference