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Details for receptor: insulin receptor

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  • Hormones
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EndoNet ID: ENR00935

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Synonyms

  • InsR
  • insulin receptor isoform long
  • insulin receptor
  • IR

General information

  • This receptor has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity.

Links to other resources

UniProt P06213
Ensembl ENST00000341500

Subunit information

Insulin receptor subunit alpha

Sequence 
HLYPGEVCP GMDIRNNLT RLHELENCS 
VIEGHLQIL LMFKTRPED FRDLSFPKL 
IMITDYLLL FRVYGLESL KDLFPNLTV 
IRGSRLFFN YALVIFEMV HLKELGLYN 
LMNITRGSV RIEKNNELC YLATIDWSR 
ILDSVEDNY IVLNKDDNE ECGDICPGT 
AKGKTNCPA TVINGQFVE RCWTHSHCQ 
KVCPTICKS HGCTAEGLC CHSECLGNC 
SQPDDPTKC VACRNFYLD GRCVETCPP 
PYYHFQDWR CVNFSFCQD LHHKCKNSR 
RQGCHQYVI HNNKCIPEC PSGYTMNSS 
NLLCTPCLG PCPKVCHLL EGEKTIDSV 
TSAQELRGC TVINGSLII NIRGGNNLA 
AELEANLGL IEEISGYLK IRRSYALVS 
LSFFRKLRL IRGETLEIG NYSFYALDN 
QNLRQLWDW SKHNLTTTQ GKLFFHYNP 
KLCLSEIHK MEEVSGTKG RQERNDIAL 
KTNGDKASC ENELLKFSY IRTSFDKIL 
LRWEPYWPP DFRDLLGFM LFYKEAPYQ 
NVTEFDGQD ACGSNSWTV VDIDPPLRS 
NDPKSQNHP GWLMRGLKP WTQYAIFVK 
TLVTFSDER RTYGAKSDI IYVQTDATN 
PSVPLDPIS VSNSSSQII LKWKPPSDP 
NGNITHYLV FWERQAEDS ELFELDYCL 
KGLKLPSRT WSPPFESED SQKHNQSEY 
EDSAGECCS CPKTDSQIL KELEESSFR 
KTFEDYLHN VVFVPRKTS SGTGAEDPR 
PS

Insulin receptor subunit beta

Sequence 
SLGDVGNVT VAVPTVAAF PNTSSTSVP 
TSPEEHRPF EKVVNKESL VISGLRHFT 
GYRIELQAC NQDTPEERC SVAAYVSAR 
TMPEAKADD IVGPVTHEI FENNVVHLM 
WQEPKEPNG LIVLYEVSY RRYGDEELH 
LCVSRKHFA LERGCRLRG LSPGNYSVR 
IRATSLAGN GSWTEPTYF YVTDYLDVP 
SNIAKIIIG PLIFVFLFS VVIGSIYLF 
LRKRQPDGP LGPLYASSN PEYLSASDV 
FPCSVYVPD EWEVSREKI TLLRELGQG 
SFGMVYEGN ARDIIKGEA ETRVAVKTV 
NESASLRER IEFLNEASV MKGFTCHHV 
VRLLGVVSK GQPTLVVME LMAHGDLKS 
YLRSLRPEA ENNPGRPPP TLQEMIQMA 
AEIADGMAY LNAKKFVHR DLAARNCMV 
AHDFTVKIG DFGMTRDIY ETDYYRKGG 
KGLLPVRWM APESLKDGV FTTSSDMWS 
FGVVLWEIT SLAEQPYQG LSNEQVLKF 
VMDGGYLDQ PDNCPERVT DLMRMCWQF 
NPKMRPTFL EIVNLLKDD LHPSFPEVS 
FFHSEENKA PESEELEME FEDMENVPL 
DRSSHCQRE EAGGRDGGS SLGFKRSYE 
EHIPYTHMN GGKKNGRIL TLPRSNPS

Binding hormones

  • IGF-1
  • IGF-2
  • insulin
    (trough: blood
    )
  • visfatin
    • Visfatin binds to and activates the insulin receptor. [1]
  • fetuin-A
    • We have shown that fetuin-A interacts with IR, preferentially in the activated state and minimally under basal conditions. [2]
    • Fetuin-A binds to tandem fibronectin type 3 (Fn3) domains present in the 194 amino acid residue extracellular portion of the β-subunit of the insulin receptor. [3]
    • Fetuin-A shuts down the receptor's intrinsic tyrosine kinase (TK) activity. [3]

Anatomical structures with this receptor

  • basophil_corticotroph_cell_of_anterior_pituitary

    Influences

    • positive ACTH
    • positive lipotropin beta

    Induced phenotypes

    • tertiary adrenal insufficiency
      • Tertiary adrenal insufficiency is the result of a hypothalamic disease and thereby a decrease in corticotropin releasing factor. [4]

  • fat_cell

    Influences

    • positive VEGF-165
      • The ability of insulin to stimulate VEGF formation by adipocytes suggests that the elevated circulating levels of insulin in obesity promote angiogenesis in adipose tissue as well as the enhanced accumulation of fat in human adipocytes. [5]
    • positive IL-8
      • Insulin enhanced the formation of IL-8. [5]
    • negative leptin

  • skeleton_muscle

  • heart

  • alpha_cell_of_islet_of_Langerhans

    Influences

    • negative glucagon

  • arcuate_nucleus_of_hypothalamus

    Influences

    • negative NPY
    • negative AGRP
    • positive alpha-MSH
    • insulin
      • insulin stimulates phosphorylation of signalling proteins in ARC [6]

  • continuous_vascular_endothelial_cell_of_blood_vessels_and_lymphatics

    Influences

    • positive annexin A2
      • Stimulation of insulin and IGF-1 receptors by insulin caused a temporary dissociation of annexin II from these receptors, which was accompanied by an increased amount of extracellular annexin II [7]
    • NO
      • The insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), and Akt are essential components of insulin-signaling pathways related to production of NO in vascular endothelium [8]

  • beta_cell_of_islet_of_Langerhans

    Influences

    • positive insulin receptor substrate 1
      • There might be a direct link between the insulin receptor signaling pathway and the Ca2+ -dependent pathways regulating insulin secretion of b-cells. During regulated insulin secretion, released insulin binds the b-cell insulin receptor and activates IRS-1, thus further increasing cytosolic Ca2+ by reducing Ca2+ uptake. [9]
    • insulin
      • Visfatin can significantly regulate insulin secretion, insulin receptor phosphorylation and intracellular signalling [10]
      • Glucose stimulation of β cells in culture has been shown to result in the activation of the IR as does the application of exogenous insulin, suggesting that insulin secreted from β cells binds to its receptor eliciting a physiological response [11]

    Induced phenotypes

    • Diabetes mellitus type 2
      • Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, the primary manifestation of which is elevated circulating blood glucose levels. [12]
      • Mutations in the insulin receptor can lead to severe insulin resistance. [13]
      • Insulin resistance can occur due to downregulation of insulin receptors. [14]
    • Leprechaunism
      • Mutations in the insulin receptor (null phenotype) can lead to severe insulin resistance and clinical defects such as leprechaunism. [13]
    • Diabetes mellitus type 1
      • Type 1 diabetes (also called juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) is caused by an absolute insulin deficiency, the result of a loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. [15]
    • Maturity onset diabetes of the young
      • Factors that affect insulin sensitivity, such as infection, puberty, pregnancy, and (in rare cases) obesity, may trigger the onset of diabetes and increase the severity of hyperglycemia in patients with MODY [16]
    • Insulimona
      • Insulinoma is the most common cause of endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in adults. It is a benign tumor of the pancreatic beta cells. Insulinoma secretes excess insulin resulting in hypoglycemia. [17]
    • Hypoglycemia
      • Endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in adults is amongst others caused by excessive insulin. [17]
Reference